Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles for improved heat stress resilience and germination in potato seeds

105 ppm for chemical AgNPs, compared to 1.98 ppm in hydroprimed seeds). Enhanced water uptake was also evident, with an 82% increase in seed mass after green AgNP priming compared to 44% in hydroprimed seeds. A preliminary techno-economic analysis confirmed the superior cost-effectiveness of the green synthesis route. Collectively, these findings establish green-synthesized AgNP nanopriming as a cost-effective, sustainable, and biologically superior strategy to improve potato germination and heat stress resilience, offering a promising avenue for climate-smart agriculture.