Biohydrogen Production from Agricultural and Industrial Wastes by Dark Fermentation

Hydrogen is the cleanest energy carrier and produces only water after combustion. Subsequently, hydrogen has become a promising, environmentally friendly alternative to nonrenewable conventional fossil fuels (e.g., coal, petroleum, and natural gas) in recent years. It has a higher energy-density value of 143 GJ/ton than other hydrocarbon or gaseous fuels. Among the hydrogen production methods, fermentative hydrogen production, especially dark fermentation (DF), can benefit waste valorization and support clean energy generation (biohydrogen) simultaneously. Biohydrogen production through DF has a higher production capacity and shows the ability to convert various organic wastes into bioenergy (biohydrogen) using a complex microbial ecosystem of different functional guilds. Due to the high abundance, low/no cost, and biodegradable nature of renewable sources like lignocellulosic/agricultural residues and…