Do organic amendments improve yield trends and profitability in intensive rice systems?

Opinions differ as to the importance of organic amendments (OA) for sustaining crop productivity in the intensive, irrigated rice systems of Asia. Our objectives were to (1) quantify the effects of farmyard manure (FYM) and straw incorporation on yield trends in long-term experiments (LTEs) with rice–rice (R–R) (Oryza sativa L.) and rice–wheat (R–W) (Triticum aestivum L.) systems and (2) assess the potential effects of OA on profitability, taking into account long-term effects on yield. We analyzed yield trends in 25 LTE (seven R–R, 18 R–W systems) across a wide geographical range in Asia. Three main conclusions emerged from this analysis. First, application of either manure or straw did not improve grain yield trends in R–R and R–W cropping systems. Second,…