Manganese oxides and their application to metal ion and contaminant removal from wastewater

Manganese oxides are ubiquitous in soil, sediment and aquatic environment. Over the years, manganese oxides and their composites have proved to be effective as adsorbents for the removal of metal ions and contaminants from water/wastewater. Because of their unique chemical and physical properties, they have attracted widespread attention as excellent adsorbents. This review reports on recent research on the synthesis, characterization, and application of manganese oxides and their composites for wastewater treatment. The adsorption characteristics, including experimental conditions and mechanisms involved in the pollutant removal processes, are discussed. The review provides an overview of the research related to manganese oxides and their application, including future areas of research and limitations in the current body of research.