Prioritized single-cell proteomics reveals molecular and functional polarization across primary macrophages

Major aims of single-cell proteomics include increasing the consistency, sensitivity, and depth of protein quantification, especially for proteins and modifications of biological interest. To simultaneously advance all these aims, we developed prioritized Single Cell ProtEomics (pSCoPE). pSCoPE consistently analyzes thousands of prioritized peptides across all single cells (thus increasing data completeness) while analyzing identifiable peptides at full duty-cycle, thus increasing proteome depth. These strategies increased the sensitivity, data completeness, and proteome coverage over 2-fold. The gains enabled quantifying protein variation in untreated and lipopolysaccharide-treated primary macrophages. Within each condition, proteins covaried within functional sets, including phagosome maturation and proton transport. This protein covariation within a treatment condition was similar across the treatment conditions and coupled to phenotypic variability in endocytic…