A Multivariate Geostatistical Framework to Assess the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Air Pollution and Land Surface Temperature in Bangladesh

Abstract In the context of escalating urban heat dynamics, the effect of air pollutants on Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an urgent concern, especially in the Global South. These regions are experiencing rapid industrialization, leading to an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. Although the heat-absorbing capacity of air pollutants is well-recognized, the spatiotemporal relationship between these pollutants and LST remains underexplored, particularly in densely populated and industrialized metropolitan areas. Moreover, studies examining multiple pollutants simultaneously to understand their cumulative impact on surface temperature anomalies are scarce. Our study addresses this research gap by developing a spatial–temporal framework using remote sensing data from Google Earth Engine (GEE). We assessed the levels of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Aerosol…