Impact of the indigenous rotavirus vaccine Rotavac in the Universal Immunization Program in India during 2016–2020

In 2016, India introduced Rotavac (G9P[11]), an indigenous oral rotavirus vaccine administered at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age through the Universal Immunization Program. Evaluating its effectiveness under routine programmatic conditions is critical, given the variable performance of rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. Here we assessed Rotavac's real-world effectiveness and impact across 31 hospitals in 9 states between 2016 and 2020 using a test-negative case-control design. Overall, 24,624 children were enrolled in surveillance (62% male and 38% female). Of 8,372 children aged 6-59 months eligible for effectiveness analysis (1,790 rotavirus-positive cases and 5,437 rotavirus-negative controls), 6,646 received 3 doses and 581 were unvaccinated. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness of 3 doses against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis was 54% (95%…