A Comprehensive Review on Second-Life Batteries: Current State, Manufacturing Considerations, Applications, Impacts, Barriers & Potential Solutions, Business Strategies, and Policies

The number of used batteries is increasing in quantity as time passes by, and this amount is to expand drastically, as electric vehicles are getting increasingly popular. Proper disposal of the spent batteries has always been a concern, but it has also been discovered that these batteries often retain enough energy perfectly suited for other uses, which can extend the batteries' operational lifetime into a second one. Such use of batteries has been termed as the “second-life,” and it is high time to adopt such usage in large scale to properly exploit the energy and economics that went into battery production and reduce the environmental impacts of battery waste ending up in landfills. This paper aids in that quest by…