Health risk assessment of ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline residues in raw, frozen, and boiled broiler chicken available in a local area of Bangladesh

Introduction: The misuse of antibiotics in poultry farming is a global issue. Objective: The focus of this study was the health risk assessment of consumers from the determination of ciprofloxacin (CIP), tetracycline (TC), and oxytetracycline (OTC) in broiler chicken in the raw, frozen, and boiled stages using solid-phase extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography, and ultraviolet detection (SPE-HPLC-UV). Materials and methods: ) for TC and OTC at 355 nm with different retention times. The method had an acceptable precision with good linearity, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, and stability. Results: Among a total of 252 raw samples, approximately 68.25%, 25.4%, and 7.54% contained CIP, TC, and OTC, respectively. Out of the positive raw samples, CIP exceeded the maximum residual…