Wheat Management in Warm Environments: Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers, Irrigation Frequency, and Mulching

Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yields are reduced by heat stress in many countries worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine whether modifications to currently recommended crop management practices could improve wheat yield at hot‐environment sites in three countries. Field trials were conducted between 1991 and 1993 in Sudan and Bangladesh by their respective national agricultural research systems (NARS) and in Mexico by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Crop establishment and other plant characteristics were measured to help understand the basis of improved performance and to identify potential diagnostic traits. Management factors included (i) irrigation, (ii) inorganic fertilizer (NPK), (iii) organic fertilizer in the form of farmyard manure (FYM), (iv) straw mulch, (v) genotype,…