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A Dose‐Response Framework for Ca <sup>2+</sup> ‐ROS‐Associated Modulation of Aerenchyma Formation Under Flooding Stress

Author Affiliations
Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Ministry of Education, Southwest University
Published InPlant Cell & Environment
Year2026

Abstract

ABSTRACT Flooding stress associated with climate variability requires a better understanding of adaptive plant responses and their regulation in flood‐prone systems. This study examines whether dose‐dependent modulation of Ca 2+ /ROS‐associated processes influences root porosity and biomass responses in Cynodon dactylon under flooding‐related stress. Systematic modulation of Ca 2+ ‐ROS‐associated processes was examined using CaCl 2 , 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (AT), EGTA, and diphenylene iodonium. The core novelty lies in translating biological signalling into an actionable bioprocess optimisation framework using Hill/EMAX dose – response modelling and benchmark dose (BMD) analysis. This methodology defined precise efficacy – safety windows for chemical application. Principal results demonstrate that low doses of CaCl 2 and the ROS inducer AT significantly enhanced root porosity without compromising biomass.…
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