Review on benefits, toxicity, challenges, and future of graphene-based face masks in the prevention of COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a global public health concern. Recently, vaccines have been developed to treat this infectious disease. However, these newly developed vaccines are not widely available and not suitable for all age groups. In such circumstances, it is wise to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) such as masks, gloves, and gowns to better protect against COVID-19. Face masks have long been recommended as a means of preventing respiratory infections. However, inappropriate use of masks may undermine their effectiveness. The antimicrobial and antiviral properties of graphene have sparked interest in the development of medical devices such as face masks, gloves, and gowns with extra filtering ability to curb the effects of the coronaviruses. Their hydrophobicity,…