Extraction and application of Pangas fish waste oil as a sustainable leather fatliquor

This study evaluates the potential of fish oil, extracted from Pangas (Pangasius pangasius) fish waste, as a sustainable fatliquoring agent in leather processing. Extraction with ethanol medium yielded 14.54% fish oil, compared to 12.30% with water. Upon sulfation, distinct FTIR peaks at 1160 cm -1 and modifications to the -OH band confirmed successful chemical transformation. Physicochemical analysis revealed increased acid value (11.22 mg KOH/g), saponification value (200.52 mg KOH/g), and specific gravity (0.93) for the sulfated fish oil. TGA analysis demonstrated significant stability, with around 20% residue retained above 400 °C, reflecting the robustness of the modified oil. Compatibility tests of sulfated fish oil fatliquor emulsion demonstrated stability in various aqueous, alkaline, and saline conditions, except under strong acid (10%…