ESL learners’ perception and its relationship with the efficacy of written corrective feedback

Abstract This study investigated the effects of direct and indirect WCF on learners’ accuracy in revision and new pieces of writing and also examined the relationship between learners’ perception of WCF and the effectiveness of each feedback type. Data were collected from 56 learners divided into three groups: direct WCF group ( n = 18), indirect WCF group ( n = 18) and control group ( n = 20). All groups produced a narrative text based on picture prompts, revised the same text, and produced a new text. The two treatment groups also completed a feedback perception questionnaire. The results demonstrated that the two feedback groups significantly outperformed the control group in both revision and new pieces of writing, but…