An extensive study on multiple ETL and HTL layers to design and simulation of high-performance lead-free CsSnCl3-based perovskite solar cells

Abstract Cesium tin chloride (CsSnCl 3 ) is a potential and competitive absorber material for lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The full potential of CsSnCl 3 not yet been realized owing to the possible challenges of defect-free device fabrication, non-optimized alignment of the electron transport layer (ETL), hole transport layer (HTL), and the favorable device configuration. In this work, we proposed several CsSnCl 3 -based solar cell (SC) configurations using one dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) with different competent ETLs like indium–gallium–zinc–oxide (IGZO), tin-dioxide (SnO 2 ), tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), ceric dioxide (CeO 2 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), C 60 , PCBM, and HTLs of cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O), cupric oxide…