One-step mass-production of CeO2 nanoparticles embedded in free-standing porous carbon as haloperoxidase mimetic coating to combat biofouling on steel surface

Marine biofouling poses significant challenges for maritime industries, leading to increased maintenance costs and ecological disturbances. While Cu-based biocide coatings are effective in combating biofouling, they raise environmental concerns and have limited lifespans. This has spurred interest in sustainable alternatives inspired by marine organisms, such as haloperoxidases (HPOs) found in certain algae, which can convert H 2 O 2 and Br − in seawater into HOBr to mitigate biofouling. However, the practical implementation of HPOs is limited by their stability and cost. Nanozymes like CeO₂ have emerged as promising alternatives; however, conventional coating methods—typically involving the replacement of Cu-based biocides with CeO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) in resin—restrict their exposure to H 2 O 2 and Br⁻, resulting in significant activity…