A review on second-life of Li-ion batteries: prospects, challenges, and issues

: High power density has made Li-ion batteries a reliable energy storage technology for electric vehicles (EV). This is contributing to the ever-increasing number of used Li-ion batteries. When these used batteries reach 80% of their nominal capacity, they are no longer appropriate for powering EVs due to reduced range. Safely disposing of these batteries is a matter of great concern to reduce the overall carbon footprint. These retired EV batteries will be employed as second life which can be potentially used in other applications such as renewable energy storage devices, telecommunication dc power supply, and grid ancillary service, etc. The battery typically accounts for 40% of the total cost of an EV. So, it is necessary to exploit the…