Mohammad Ali, Michael Emch, Lorenz von Seidlein, Mohammad Yunus et al.
Background Decisions about the use of killed oral cholera vaccines, which confer moderate levels of direct protection to vaccinees, can depend on whether the vaccines also provide indirect (herd) protection when high levels of vaccine coverage are attained. We reanalysed data from a field trial in B...
Jie Liu, Furqan Kabir, Jainaba Manneh, Paphavee Lertsethtakarn et al.
Background Childhood diarrhoea can be caused by many pathogens that are difficult to assay in the laboratory. Molecular diagnostic techniques provide a uniform method to detect and quantify candidate enteropathogens. We aimed to develop and assess molecular tests for identification of enteropathogen...
Robert E. Black, MichaelH. Merson, Atikur Rahman, Mohammad Yunus et al.
Enteric pathogens associated with diarrhea were studied for two years at a diarrhea treatment center in rural Bangladesh. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was the most frequently identified pathogen for patients of all ages. Rotavirus and ETEC were isolated from approximately 50% and approxim...
Marcelino Lucas, Jacqueline Deen, Lorenz von Seidlein, Xuan-Yi Wang et al.
BACKGROUND: New-generation, orally administered cholera vaccines offer the promise of improved control of cholera in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in many cholera-affected African populations has raised doubts about the level of prot...
Kate S. Baker, Timothy J. Dallman, Philip Ashton, Martin Day et al.
Background Shigellosis is an acute, severe bacterial colitis that, in high-income countries, is typically associated with travel to high-risk regions (Africa, Asia, and Latin America). Since the 1970s, shigellosis has also been reported as a sexually transmitted infection in men who have sex with me...
Moslem Uddin Khan
High attack rates, increasing resistance to antibiotics and high mortality make shigellosis a serious problem. As Shigella is associated with poor hygiene we examined the effectiveness of a simple intervention, washing hands with soap and water, in checking the spread of the disease. The study popul...
Sujit Bhattacharya, Dipika Sur, Mohammad Ali, Suman Kanungo et al.
Background Efficacy and safety of a two-dose regimen of bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine (Shantha Biotechnics, Hyderabad, India) to 3 years is established, but long-term efficacy is not. We aimed to assess protective efficacy up to 5 years in a slum area of Kolkata, India. Methods In ...
Jason B. Harris, Regina C. LaRocque, Fahima Chowdhury, Ashraful Islam Khan et al.
BACKGROUND: Despite recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis, there is relatively little knowledge of the factors that determine the variability in human susceptibility to V. cholerae infection. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed an observational study of ...
Marta‐Louise Ackers, Nancy D. Puhr, Robert V. Tauxe, Eric D. Mintz
CONTEXT: Multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhi infections have been reported worldwide, but data on the incidence of resistant strains in the United States are lacking. OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi infections and to identify risk factors ...
Robert E. Black
In a 1 year study of diarrhoea in a village in rural Bangladesh, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were the most frequently detected enteropathogens; shigellae were the second most commonly detected enteropathogens and rotaviruses the third. ETEC and rotavirus were found in 31% of diarrhoea ep...
Jason B. Harris, Ashraful Islam Khan, Regina C. LaRocque, David J. Dorer et al.
Individuals with blood group O are more susceptible than other individuals to severe cholera, although the mechanism underlying this association is unknown. To assess the respective roles of both intrinsic host factors and adaptive immune responses that might influence susceptibility to infection wi...
Geert Huys, Margo Cnockaert, J. Michael Janda, Jean Swings
The taxonomic position of a group of five D-sorbitol- and lactose-negative enterobacterial isolates recovered from diarrhoeal stools of children at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), was investigated by DNA-DNA hybridization, phenotypic characterization a...
Firdausi Qadri, Amit Saha, Tanvir Ahmed, Abdullah A. Tarique et al.
A cohort of 321 children was followed from birth up to 2 years of age to determine the incidence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in Bangladesh. The average number of diarrheal days and incidence rates were 6.6 and 2.3/child/year, respectively. ETEC was the most common pathogen and was iso...
R. Bradley Sack, Abdullah Siddique, Ira M. Longini, Azhar Nizam et al.
How Vibrio cholerae spreads around the world and what determines its seasonal peaks in endemic areas are not known. These features of cholera have been hypothesized to be primarily the result of environmental factors associated with aquatic habitats that can now be identified. Since 1997, fortnightl...
Myron M. Levine, Dilruba Nasrin, Sozinho Acácio, Quique Bassat et al.
BACKGROUND: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) was a 3-year case-control study that measured the burden, aetiology, and consequences of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea (MSD) in children aged 0-59 months. GEMS-1A, a 12-month follow-on study, comprised two parallel case-control studies, one asse...