All Papers

Md Saiful Islam, Tonmoy Sarkar, Sazzad Hossain Khan, Abu-Hena Mostofa Kamal et al.

Infodemics, often including rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories, have been common during the COVID-19 pandemic. Monitoring social media data has been identified as the best method for tracking rumors in real time and as a possible way to dispel misinformation and reduce stigma. However, the detection, assessment, and response to rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories in real time are a challenge. Therefore, we followed and examined COVID-19-related rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories circulating on online platforms, including fact-checking agency websites, Facebook, Twitter, and online newspapers, and their impacts on public health. Information was extracted between December 31, 2019 and April 5, 2020, and descriptively analyzed. We performed a content analysis of the news articles to compare and contrast data collected from other sources. We identified 2,311 reports of rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories in 25 languages from 87 countries. Claims were related to illness, transmission and mortality (24%), control measures (21%), treatment and cure (19%), cause of disease including the origin (15%), violence (1%), and miscellaneous (20%). Of the 2,276 reports for which text ratings were available, 1,856 claims were false (82%). Misinformation fueled by rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories can have potentially serious implications on the individual and community if prioritized over evidence-based guidelines. Health agencies must track misinformation associated with the COVID-19 in real time, and engage local communities and government stakeholders to debunk misinformation.

Ian Burton, Robert W. Kates, Gilbert F. White

The Environment as Hazard offers an understanding of how people around the world deal with dramatic fluctuations in the local natural systems of air, water, and terrain. Reviewing recent theoretical and methodological changes in the investigation of natural hazards, the authors describe how research findings are being incorporated into public policy, particularly research on slow cumulative events, technological hazards, the role played by social systems, and the relation of hazards theory to risk analysis. Through vivid examples from a broad sample of countries, this volume illuminates the range of experiences associated with natural hazards. The authors show how modes of coping change with levels of economic development by contrasting hazards in developing countries with those in high income countries - comparing the results of hurricanes in Bangladesh and the United States, and earthquakes in Nicaragua and California. In new introductory and concluding chapters that supplement the original text, the authors present new global data sets, as well as a trenchant discussion of implications of hazards research for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and for attempts by the world community to come to grips with the threats of climate change.

Amartya Sen

Abstract The main focus of this book is on the causation of starvation in general and of famines in particular. The traditional analysis of famines concentrates on food supply. This is shown to be fundamentally defective—it is theoretically unsound, empirically inept, and dangerously misleading for policy. The author develops an alternative method of analysis—the ’entitlement approach’, which concentrates on ownership and exchange. Aside from developing the underlying theory, the approach is used in a number of case studies of recent famines, including the Great Bengal Famine of 1943, the Ethiopian famines of 1973 and 1974, the Bangladesh famine of 1974, and the famines in the countries of the African Sahel in the 1970s. The book also provides a general analysis of the characterization and measurement of poverty. Various approaches used in economics, sociology, and political theory are critically examined. The predominance of distributional issues, including distribution between different occupational groups, links up the problem of conceptualizing poverty with that of analysing starvation. The book contains some technical economic analysis, but the text of the book has been kept as informal as possible, so that the text is accessible to the non‐technical reader, and the main lines of reasoning and their applications to the case studies are easily followed. Technicalities and mathematical reasoning are confined to the four appendices, which (1) present a formal analysis of the notion of exchange entitlement, (2) provide illustrative models of exchange entitlement, (3) examine the problem of poverty measurement, and (4) analyse the pattern of famine mortality based on the Bengal famine of 1943.

About forty percent of the world's people live on incomes of two dollars a day or less. If you've never had to survive on an income so small, it is hard to imagine. How would you put food on the table, afford a home, and educate your children? How would you handle emergencies and old age? Every day, more than a billion people around the world must answer these questions. Portfolios of the Poor is the first book to explain systematically how the poor find solutions.The authors report on the yearlong diaries of villagers and slum dwellers in Bangladesh, India, and South Africa--records that track penny by penny how specific households manage their money. The stories of these families are often surprising and inspiring. Most poor households do not live hand to mouth, spending what they earn in a desperate bid to keep afloat. Instead, they employ financial tools, many linked to informal networks and family ties. They push money into savings for reserves, squeeze money out of creditors whenever possible, run sophisticated savings clubs, and use microfinancing wherever available. Their experiences reveal new methods to fight poverty and ways to envision the next generation of banks for the bottom billion.Indispensable for those in development studies, economics, and microfinance, Portfolios of the Poor will appeal to anyone interested in knowing more about poverty and what can be done about it.

Deepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai A. Schafft, Anne Rademacher et al.

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Can Anyone Hear Us?Voices of the PoorAuthors/Editors: Deepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-SchulteDeepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-Schultehttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-1601-6SectionsAboutPDF (2.1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This book is the first in a three-part series, about the common patterns that emerged from the poor people ' s experiences in many different places. Chapter 1 sets out the conceptual framework and methodology. Chapter 2 discusses poverty from the perspective of the poor. Chapter 3 examines poor people ' s experience with the state, and includes case studies of access to health care and education. Chapter 4 addresses the nature and quality of poor people ' s interactions with civil society. Chapter 5 considers the household as a key social institution, and discusses gender relations within households and how these relations affect and are affected by larger institutions of society. Chapter 6 focuses on social fragmentation, and includes a discussion of social cohesion and social exclusion. Chapter 7 concludes the analysis and proposes some policy recommendations. The analysis leads to these conclusions: 1) poverty is multidimensional; 2) the state has been largely ineffective in reaching the poor; 3) the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the lives of the poor is limited, forcing the poor to depend primarily on their own informal networks; 4) households are crumbling under the stresses of poverty; and 5) the social fabric - poor people ' s only " insurance " - is unraveling. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited by¿Qué factores influyen en la pobreza monetaria en las regiones más pobre y menos pobre del Perú en el año 2021? 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Evidence from Three Areas of Tanzania31 August 2023Traditional Semiarid Agro-Pastoral Inland Food Patterns and Society: Frequent Food Deficits But Balanced BMI and Prevention of Anemia31 August 2023Microstructured Electroceutical Fiber‐Device for Inhibition of Bacterial Proliferation in WoundsAdvanced Materials Interfaces, Vol.10, No.34 December 2022Rural water project planning and evaluation in Ghana: a new methodological perspectiveWater Policy, Vol.24, No.1226 November 2022Conceptualisations of wellbeing and quality of life: A systematic review of participatory studiesWorld Development, Vol.160Taking the Time to Understand Time at the Bottom/Base of the PyramidBusiness & Society, Vol.61, No.89 June 2020Parents with intellectual disability and their reflections about relationships and supportJournal of Social Work, Vol.22, No.526 April 2022Entrepreneuring in necessity contexts: effecting change among widow entrepreneurs in Northern GhanaEntrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol.34, No.7-810 June 2022Classification of Poverty Condition Using Natural Language ProcessingSocial Indicators Research, Vol.162, No.38 February 2022In-cash Transfers: from Passive to Empowered Beneficiaries in the Global SouthSocial Policy and Society, Vol.21, No.311 January 2021Cash transfer and multidimensional child poverty: evidence from GhanaInternational Journal of Social Economics, Vol.49, No.510 February 2022A summative content analysis of how programmes to improve the right to sexual and reproductive health address powerBMJ Global Health, Vol.7, No.420 April 2022Using Community-Based Truth Commissions to Address Poverty and Related Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Violations: The UK Poverty Truth Commissions as Transformative JusticeJournal of Human Rights Practice, Vol.13, No.221 February 2022Are Italians Getting Multidimensionally Poorer? Evidence on the Lack of Equitable and Sustainable Well-BeingItalian Economic Journal, Vol.8, No.126 June 2021Ten facts about land systems for sustainabilityProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol.119, No.77 February 2022The Spillover Impact of Index Insurance on Agricultural Investment by Cotton Farmers in Burkina FasoWorld Bank Economic Review, Vol.36, No.118 February 2022Poverty alleviation in sustainable social developmentCABI Compendium, Vol.CABI CompendiumInterfaith Networks, the African Diaspora and Development: The Case of the United Kingdom16 March 2022Introduction29 October 2021Beyond Aloof Cynicism: A Critical Overview of Anthropological Perspectives on Agency and Its Development5 May 2022Multidimensionl Poverty and The Role of Social Capital in Poverty Alleviation Among Ethnic Groups in Rural Vietnam: A Multilevel AnalysisSocial Indicators Research, Vol.159, No.18 July 2021Meeting Needs and Seeking Peace: Experiences of Micro-Finance Loan Recipient Women of Karachi, PakistanAmerican Journal of Qualitative Research, Vol.6, No.2Religion and Social Policy: An Indian Perspective10 November 2022Processes, Policies, and Systems Needed to End Poverty on the African Continent16 November 2022Changing Perspectives on Inequality and Development1 January 2023Public Opinion on Protecting Iconic Species Depends on Individual Wellbeing: Perceptions About Orangutan Conservation in Indonesia and MalaysiaSSRN Electronic Journal, Vol.21Applying and extending the sustainable livelihoods approach: Identifying the livelihood capitals and well-being achievements of indigenous people in BangladeshJournal of Social and Economic Development, Vol.23, No.22 August 2021Exploring the Effects of Weak Institutions on Economic Insecurity in KosovoThe European Journal of Development Research, Vol.33, No.61 February 2021What Does a "Thank you" Cost? Informal Exchange and the Case of "Brift" in Contemporary RussiaQualitative Sociology, Vol.44, No.412 July 2021Gender and Rural Vitality: Empowerment through Women's Community Groups*Rural Sociology, Vol.86, No.49 April 2021Certified community forests positively impact human wellbeing and conservation effectiveness and improve the performance of nearby national protected areasConservation Letters, Vol.14, No.627 July 2021An Individual-based Index of Multidimensional Poverty for Low- and Middle-Income CountriesJournal of Human Development and Capabilities, Vol.22, No.427 August 2021A Re-Look at Poverty through the Lens of the Sustainable Development Goals in Ghana: Drivers and Policy ImplicationsJournal of Poverty, Vol.25, No.611 January 2021EXPENDITURE FLUCTUATION AND CONSUMPTION LOSS: RURAL SPATIAL POVERTY IN CHINATechnological and Economic Development of Economy, Vol.27, No.6Development of a Motivation Scale in Rural Madagascar: The Challenges of Psychometrics in Impoverished Populations of Developing CountriesThe Japanese Journal of Personality, Vol.30, No.2Material Security as a Measure of Poverty: A Validation Study with People Who Use DrugsSocial Indicators Research, Vol.157, No.214 March 2021Mobilising demand for primary health care services among urban slums: insights from a case study in BangladeshDevelopment in Practice, Vol.31, No.623 January 2021New Possibilities for a Peaceful Digital Society in Violence Prevalent GeographiesJournal of Peacebuilding & Development, Vol.16, No.224 September 2020Democratic altruismInternational Theory, Vol.13, No.214 July 2020The long and short of it: The temporal significance of wealth and incomeSocial Policy & Administration, Vol.55, No.45 October 2020EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSISYönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol.19, No.230 June 2021Walls of glass. Measuring deprivation in social participationThe Journal of Economic Inequality, Vol.19, No.210 April 2021Asserting disadvantaged communities' deliberative agency in a media-saturated societyTheory and Society, Vol.50, No.47 November 2020WHICH BUSINESSES ARE BEST FOR THE BASE OF THE PYRAMID? COMPARING IMPACTS ON YOUNG CHILDRENJournal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol.26, No.025 July 2021The Impact of Self Help Groups on the Psychosocial Well-Being of Female Members in EthiopiaInternational Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, Vol.6, No.18 June 2020International Development Volunteering as Transformational Feminist Practice for Gender EqualityJournal of Developing Societies, Vol.37, No.129 November 2020Examining the cointegrating relationship between financial intermediation and poverty in a selected panel of developing countriesJournal of Economic and Financial Sciences, Vol.14, No.126 February 2021Assets and domestic units: methodological challenges for longitudinal studies of poverty dynamicsThe Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol.48, No.13 November 2019The multiple meanings of prosperity and poverty: a cross-site comparison from TanzaniaThe Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol.48, No.14 November 2019Participatory Anthropology for Teaching Behavioral Sciences at a Medical School in Zambia5 March 2021Deviation, Transgression or Digression? The Informal City as the Dominant Phenomenon in the Zimbabwean Urban Economy8 May 2021Introduction22 August 2021Social and Moral Aspects of Stress23 July 2021Responding to Stress and the Value of Resilience23 July 2021The Stressful Experience of Poverty23 July 2021Eradication of Poverty: Policies and Legal Perspective25 May 2021Historical Aspects of Eradication of Poverty Action25 May 2021Religion as Transmission Belt for Promoting the Sustainable Development Goals29 April 2021Un-fassbare Armut21 May 2022Einführung27 April 2021Africa's heterogeneous middle class: A 10-city study of consumer lifestyle indicatorsInternational Journal of Market Research, Vol.63, No.117 July 2020Poverty, Greed and the Proliferation of Small Arms in Africa6 April 2021Ecosystem changes and community wellbeing: social-ecological innovations in enhancing resilience of wetlands communities in BangladeshLocal Environment, Vol.25, No.11-1225 November 2020The Cambridge Handbook of the Capability Approach, Vol.8511 November 2020How Much Household Healthcare Expenditure Contributes to Poverty? Evidence from the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2010Journal of Poverty, Vol.24, No.77 April 2020Evaluating Transition Pathways beyond Basic Needs: a Transdisciplinary Approach to Assessing Food AssistanceFood Ethics, Vol.5, No.1-212 September 2020Challenges facing local government in Jordan and strategies to address themProblems and Perspectives in Management, Vol.18, No.38 October 2020Implications of Free Trade Area For Poverty, Household Welfare And Economic Development In NigeriaInternational Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review30 September 2021Towards child-inclusive concepts of childhood poverty: The contribution and potential of research with childrenChildren and Youth Services Review, Vol.116Silence, invisibility and agency: concealing pregnancies at school in MozambiqueGender, Place & Culture, Vol.27, No.823 October 2019Social suffering and the psychological impact of structural violence and economic oppression in an ongoing conflict setting: The Gaza StripJournal of Community Psychology, Vol.48, No.612 May 2020The secret is in the sauce: foraged food and dietary diversity among female farmers in southwestern Burkina FasoCanadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement, Vol.41, No.215 July 2020Effect of Armed Conflict on Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence from the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria2 April 2020Considerations, Benefits and Cautions Integrating Systems Theory with Financial TherapyContemporary Family Therapy, Vol.42, No.12 November 2019Inflexible microcredit contracts and their discontents: A theoretical perspective based on consumer psychologyIIMB Management Review, Vol.32, No.1Measuring Multidimensional Poverty According to National Definitions: Operationalising Target 1.2 of the Sustainable Development GoalsSocial Indicators Research, Vol.148, No.111 October 2019Qualitative data sharing and synthesis for sustainability scienceNature Sustainability, Vol.3, No.225 November 2019Perceptions of the Language and Meaning of Poverty in Brunei DarussalamJournal of Asian and African Studies, Vol.3816 January 2020Quality of government, public service delivery and institutional impartiality in ethnically polarised societies: evidence for policy makersAsia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, Vol.42, No.128 April 2020Faith and Development: A Manifestation of Resurgence of Religion in International Relations13 March 2020Faith Communities in the UK's International Development Policies13 March 2020Social Work Education for Social Justice and Poverty Reduction in Africa24 October 2020When Microcredit Doesn't Empower Poor Women: Recognition Theory's Contribution to the Debate Over Adaptive Preferences21 July 2020Eradication of Poverty: Policies and Legal Perspective20 November 2020Historical Aspects of Eradication of Poverty Action22 October 2020Development and the Environment: Society, Business, and Social Consensus28 June 2019Discrimination as Structural Violence16 November 2019'Business Unusual': Building BoP 3.0Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.161, No.125 June 2018Increase The State Of Poverty In Jordan During The Period 2010-2017SocioEconomic Challenges, Vol.4, No.41 January 2020The Facilitative Role of Institutions in Poverty ReductionThe Measurement of Multidimensional Poverty Across Countries: A Proposal for Selecting Dimensions11 June 2020Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Poverty Measurement, Epistemic Injustices and Social Activism11 June 2020Beyond Poverty11 June 2020Migration and household finances: How a different framing can improve thinking about migrationDevelopment Policy Review, Vol.38, No.117 October 2019Defining the characteristics of poverty and their implications for poverty analysisCogent Social Sciences, Vol.6, No.119 May 2020Global Poverty, Injustice, and Resistance, Vol.292 December 2019Global Green Politics, Vol.1010 December 2019PovertyPhilosophy Compass, Vol.14, No.1211 December 2019Language Endangerment, Vol.711 November 2019Receiving Social Assistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Negating Shame or Producing Stigma?Journal of Social Policy, Vol.1484 November 2019Comparing income poverty gap and deprivation on social acceptance: A mediation model with interpersonal communication and social supportSocial Policy & Administration, Vol.53, No.622 August 2019The overlooked role of market knowledge in the market integration of Ethiopian pastoralistsAfrican Journal of Business Management, Vol.13, No.1631 October 2019Conceptualizing Child Well-Being in Nepal as Fluid Hierarchy of Multi-Dimensional Basic NeedsChild Indicators Research, Vol.12, No.54 September 2018The Conceptual Underpinnings of Risk-Sharing Policy and the Changing Nature of Losses4 October 2019Social support in the working poorKontakt, Vol.21, No.3Rationalizing 'gender-wash': empowerment, efficiency and knowledge constructionReview of International Political Economy, Vol.26, No.526 June 2019Socio-economic Determinants of Multidimensional Poverty in Rural West Bengal: A Household Level AnalysisJournal of Quantitative Economics, August an of and November Determinants of Food Insecurity among Evidence from a National Household of Asian and African Studies, No.612 April 2019The Impact of on Poverty and Welfare in West Journal of Research in Science, and August Global July and Its Evidence from and Vol.55, October the case of farmers in Vol.58, May to poverty in The of of Sustainable Vol.27, January 2019The Role of in Human European Journal of Development Research, Vol.31, August Research in the Behavioral Vol.63, November April 2019The Human Development An Development Studies, Vol.47, No.24 March the market integration A study of Ethiopian Journal of Life Sciences, No.118 June 2021The Impacts of Financial on Economic Development: in Economic and Vol.22, No.125 March poverty with Journal of Economic Inequality, March OF POVERTY ON THE & Social Sciences Vol.7, July the of the October with the Community and Sustainable October with the Community and Sustainable May as Transmission Belt for Promoting the Sustainable Development May the A in August of Public Policy in of Inequality in Policy and the October 2019Social Indicators Research, ARE AND and Policy, Vol.36, No.210 February Study on Economic Empowerment of Women of Indian of of West of Poverty as a of the and Its August African in Journal of Critical Studies, and participatory in multidimensional poverty The case of households in the Social Sciences, Vol.5, September and January the Poor and January of in the Global A Critical Review of of Developing Societies, Vol.34, July OF POVERTY BY AND Journal of African January Assessing in November of for services on A in & Development, July Development5 September through social and Business & Management, No.427 June Patterns and of the Poor in Vol.48, September in communities: A and Vol.19, June of public service Policy Review, Vol.36, July for Human Indicators Research, May Well-Being and Poverty on Political Indicators Research, No.24 April to health and social in and of state and to health for urban Medical Ethics, Vol.19, June 2018The of Child Poverty: Evidence from the UK Study Studies, No.223 March 2018The and politics of community in health Public Health, Vol.28, April of the Policy Review, Vol.36, February as and and of the in Development Studies, Vol.18, No.224 January or to is the Policy Review, Vol.36, November December Economic Studies, of Indian Healthcare and Its on Poverty in of Human and Studies, and poverty: and to for Place & Culture, Vol.24, November access to in the of economic evidence from October gender and through Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, as a Multidimensional January Poverty and Development of International Development, August A Social Justice Approach to Assessing Poverty among with of Social Work, June Child Critical on Theory and Dominant Indicators Research, Vol.10, June and research on poverty and Theory, May Poverty in on Household and of International Development, May - for Sustainable Development September of African Value A Conceptual of African Business, Vol.18, June in evidence from & Vol.51, No.47 June and the role of in development An International Review, June development from developing Policy Review, June from developing for of Development Policy Policy Review, May and August to The for of Human Development and Capabilities, Vol.18, No.224 January health financial protection from Evidence from districts in of Social and Economic Development, Vol.19, January March of gender poverty based on local Evidence from of West state in Social Journal, December 2019Participatory of Development Journal of Vol.38, July a Child through School and to in of Development, Vol.3, Poverty and in a The Case of the United April in of an Practice and Research, Vol.30, May public of in health health and the Politics, Vol.23, No.128 July Multidimensional Approach to Poverty: for Global February of Intimate Partner Violence in Asian and Vol.8, January of Indian Healthcare and Inequality of Income in Rights to and at the Household Journal of Human Journal of Vol.7, in and the Governance of April and to in systems: a gender November the Environmental to & Environment, No.41 August Indicators and December about Prevention and An International Journal, Vol.25, the development of in August as A Multidimensional and Indicators Research, September of poverty: a in the experiences of An International Review, Vol.44, No.426 October and in the August of for and state in Practice, Vol.26, August to The Effects of on Psychosocial Journal of Development Studies, May du du en développement, social in a Vol.49, April Challenges by Small Business on Poverty Reduction in Rural

Edeh Michael Onyema, Nwafor Chika Eucheria, Faith Ayobamidele Obafemi, Shuvro Sen et al.

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak poses serious concerns to global education systems. Efforts to contain COVID-19 prompted unscheduled closure of schools in more than 100 countries worldwide. COVID-19 school closures left over one billion learners out of school. The study investigates the impact of COVID-19 on education. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 200 respondents that consist of teachers, students, parents, and policy makers selected from different countries. The collected data were analyzed using STATA/Regression. The results show that COVID-19 has adverse effects on education including, learning disruptions, and decreased access to education and research facilities, Job losses and increased student debts. The findings also show that many educators and students relied on technology to ensure continued learning online during the Coronavirus pandemic. However, online education was hindered by poor infrastructures including, network, power, inaccessibility and unavailability issues and poor digital skills. The study underscores the damaging effects of COVID-19 on education sector and the need for all educational institutions, educators, and learners to adopt technology, and improve their digital skills in line with the emerging global trends and realities in education. Keywords: Coronavirus, Education, School closure, Technology, Virtual learning, Covidiot. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-13-12 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Mir Rabiul Islam, Miles Hewstone

This study tested an integrative model of how dimensions of contact (quantitative, qualitative, and intergroup) are related to intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out group attitude. Data were collected in a field study of minority (Hindu) and majority (Muslim) religious groups in Bangladesh. Path analysis revealed that dimensions of contact were significant predictors of all three criterion variables, although different dimensions emerged as predictors in each case, and there were some interactions with subjects' religious group. AU three dimensions of contact were associated with intergroup anxiety, but whereas quantitative contact had a significant impact on perceived out-group variability, qualitative contact was associated with out-group attitude. The model highlights the central role of intergroup anxiety as associated with dimensions of contact and as a predictor of perceived out-group variability and out-group attitude.

Stanislav Kolenikov, Gustavo Ángeles

The last several years have seen a growth in the number of publications in economics that use principal component analysis (PCA) in the area of welfare studies. This paper explores the ways discrete data can be incorporated into PCA. The effects of discreteness of the observed variables on the PCA are reviewed. The statistical properties of the popular Filmer and Pritchett (2001 ) procedure are analyzed. The concepts of polychoric and polyserial correlations are introduced with appropriate references to the existing literature demonstrating their statistical properties. A large simulation study is carried out to compare various implementations of discrete data PCA. The simulation results show that the currently used method of running PCA on a set of dummy variables as proposed by Filmer and Pritchett (2001 ) can be improved upon by using procedures appropriate for discrete data, such as retaining the ordinal variables without breaking them into a set of dummy variables or using polychoric correlations. An empirical example using Bangladesh 2000 Demographic and Health Survey data helps in explaining the differences between procedures.

Samia Tasnim, Md Mahbub Hossain, Hoimonty Mazumder

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not only caused significant challenges for health systems all over the globe but also fueled the surge of numerous rumors, hoaxes, and misinformation, regarding the etiology, outcomes, prevention, and cure of the disease. Such spread of misinformation is masking healthy behaviors and promoting erroneous practices that increase the spread of the virus and ultimately result in poor physical and mental health outcomes among individuals. Myriad incidents of mishaps caused by these rumors have been reported globally. To address this issue, the frontline healthcare providers should be equipped with the most recent research findings and accurate information. The mass media, healthcare organization, community-based organizations, and other important stakeholders should build strategic partnerships and launch common platforms for disseminating authentic public health messages. Also, advanced technologies like natural language processing or data mining approaches should be applied in the detection and removal of online content with no scientific basis from all social media platforms. Furthermore, these practices should be controlled with regulatory and law enforcement measures alongside ensuring telemedicine-based services providing accurate information on COVID-19.

Andreas Schmidt, Ana Ivanova, Mike S. Schäfer

Jessica Gudin

Clark Gray, Valerie Mueller

The consequences of environmental change for human migration have gained increasing attention in the context of climate change and recent large-scale natural disasters, but as yet relatively few large-scale and quantitative studies have addressed this issue. We investigate the consequences of climate-related natural disasters for long-term population mobility in rural Bangladesh, a region particularly vulnerable to environmental change, using longitudinal survey data from 1,700 households spanning a 15-y period. Multivariate event history models are used to estimate the effects of flooding and crop failures on local population mobility and long-distance migration while controlling for a large set of potential confounders at various scales. The results indicate that flooding has modest effects on mobility that are most visible at moderate intensities and for women and the poor. However, crop failures unrelated to flooding have strong effects on mobility in which households that are not directly affected but live in severely affected areas are the most likely to move. These results point toward an alternate paradigm of disaster-induced mobility that recognizes the significant barriers to migration for vulnerable households as well their substantial local adaptive capacity.

Mahmud Akhter Shareef, Bhasker Mukerji, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Nripendra P. Rana et al.

This study was conducted to conceptualise advertising value and consumer attitudes towards advertisements. The research was developed to reveal the effect of the source of advertisements on credibility perception through the theoretical framework of Ducoffe's (1995) advertising value model. The research objective is to identify source derogation in terms of credibility to create advertising value and a positive attitude towards advertisements launched through the Facebook social network. In this regard, the study used three distinct sources to generate and introduce product promotional messages: an associative reference group, an aspirational reference group and marketers themselves. This research revealed significant differences in developing advertisement value and forming a favourable attitude towards advertisements when the product-related message was developed by these three distinct groups, who have different source derogations.

Md Saiful Islam, Abu-Hena Mostofa Kamal, Alamgir Kabir, Dorothy L. Southern et al.

INTRODUCTION: Rumors and conspiracy theories, can contribute to vaccine hesitancy. Monitoring online data related to COVID-19 vaccine candidates can track vaccine misinformation in real-time and assist in negating its impact. This study aimed to examine COVID-19 vaccine rumors and conspiracy theories circulating on online platforms, understand their context, and then review interventions to manage this misinformation and increase vaccine acceptance. METHOD: In June 2020, a multi-disciplinary team was formed to review and collect online rumors and conspiracy theories between 31 December 2019-30 November 2020. Sources included Google, Google Fact Check, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, fact-checking agency websites, and television and newspaper websites. Quantitative data were extracted, entered in an Excel spreadsheet, and analyzed descriptively using the statistical package R version 4.0.3. We conducted a content analysis of the qualitative information from news articles, online reports and blogs and compared with findings from quantitative data. Based on the fact-checking agency ratings, information was categorized as true, false, misleading, or exaggerated. RESULTS: We identified 637 COVID-19 vaccine-related items: 91% were rumors and 9% were conspiracy theories from 52 countries. Of the 578 rumors, 36% were related to vaccine development, availability, and access, 20% related to morbidity and mortality, 8% to safety, efficacy, and acceptance, and the rest were other categories. Of the 637 items, 5% (30/) were true, 83% (528/637) were false, 10% (66/637) were misleading, and 2% (13/637) were exaggerated. CONCLUSIONS: Rumors and conspiracy theories may lead to mistrust contributing to vaccine hesitancy. Tracking COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in real-time and engaging with social media to disseminate correct information could help safeguard the public against misinformation.

A.K.M. Najmul Islam, Samuli Laato, Md. Shamim Talukder, Erkki Sutinen

Highlights • We study social media use, fake news sharing and social media fatigue during COVID-19.• Self-promotion and entertainment increase the sharing of unverified information.• Exploration and religiosity correlate negatively with the sharing of unverified information.• Deficient self-regulation increases both fatigue and the sharing of unverified information.

Amartya Sen

Famines often take place in situations of moderate to good food availability, without any significant decline of food supply per head. The paper presents an alternative approach to famines, which does not concentrate on availability, but on people's ability to command food through legal means available in the society (including the use of production possibilities, trade opportunities, entitlements vis-à-vis the state, etc.). The approach is explained, focusing on exchange entitlement mappings, fluctuations in which can lead to big shifts in the intergroup distribution of food command. The approach is then applied to the Bengal famine of 1943, the Ethiopian famine in Wollo in 1973, and the Bangladesh famine in 1974, and some general conclusions are drawn about the nature and classes of famines.

M. Afzalur Rahim, Nace R. Magner

Confirmatory factor analysis of data (from 5 samples, n = 484 full-time employed management students; n = 550 public administrators; n = 214 university administrators; n = 250 bank managers and employees in Bangladesh; and n = 578 managers and employees) on the 28 items of the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II were performed with LISREL 7. The results provided support for the convergent and discriminant validities of the subscales measuring the 5 styles of handling interpersonal conflict (integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising) and general support for the invariance of the 5-factor model across referent roles (i.e., superiors, subordinates, and peers), organizational levels (top, middle, lower, and nonmanagement), and 4 of the 5 samples.

Robert J. Sampson

Mead Cain, Syeda Rokeya Khanam, Shamsun Nahar