Karthik Shanmuganatham, Mohammed M. Feeroz, Lisa Jones‐Engel, Gavin J. D. Smith et al.
Human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus was identified in Bangladesh in 2011. Surveillance for influenza viruses in apparently healthy poultry in live-bird markets in Bangladesh during 2008-2011 showed that subtype H9N2 viruses are isolated year-round, whereas highly pathogenic subtype H5...
Karthik Shanmuganatham, Mohammed M. Feeroz, Lisa Jones‐Engel, David R. Walker et al.
Avian influenza subtype H9N2 is endemic in many bird species in Asia and the Middle East and has contributed to the genesis of H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8, which are potential pandemic threats. H9N2 viruses that have spread to Bangladesh have acquired multiple gene segments from highly pathogenic (HP) H7N3...
Atanaska Marinova‐Petkova, Karthik Shanmuganatham, Mohammed M. Feeroz, Lisa Jones‐Engel et al.
In 2011, avian influenza surveillance at the Bangladesh live bird markets (LBMs) showed complete replacement of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus of clade 2.2.2 (Qinghai-like H5N1 lineage) by the HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1. This clade, which continues to circulate in Bangladesh an...
Karthik Shanmuganatham, Jeremy C. Jones, Bindumadhav M. Marathe, Mohammed M. Feeroz et al.
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are continuously monitored by the World Health Organization because they are endemic; they continually reassort with H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8 viruses; and they periodically cause human infections. We characterized H9N2 influenza viruses carrying internal genes from highly pa...
Patrick Seiler, Lisa Kercher, Mohammed M. Feeroz, Karthik Shanmuganatham et al.
The H9N2 influenza viruses that have become established in Bangladeshi live poultry markets possess five gene segments of the highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza virus. We assessed the replication, transmission, and disease potential of three H9N2 viruses in chickens and New World quail. Each vir...
Brian J. Lenny, Karthik Shanmuganatham, Stephanie Sonnberg, Mohammed M. Feeroz et al.
Avian influenza A(H9N2) is an agricultural and public health threat. We characterized an H9N2 virus from a pet market in Bangladesh and demonstrated replication in samples from pet birds, swine tissues, human airway and ocular cells, and ferrets. Results implicated pet birds in the potential dissemi...