Mohammad Ali, Michael Emch, Lorenz von Seidlein, Mohammad Yunus et al.
Background Decisions about the use of killed oral cholera vaccines, which confer moderate levels of direct protection to vaccinees, can depend on whether the vaccines also provide indirect (herd) protection when high levels of vaccine coverage are attained. We reanalysed data from a field trial in B...
Maia Call, Clark Gray, Mohammad Yunus, Michael Emch
Mass migration is one of the most concerning potential outcomes of global climate change. Recent research into environmentally induced migration suggests that relationship is much more complicated than originally posited by the ‘environmental refugee’ hypothesis. Climate change is likely to increase...
Michael Emch, Caryl Feldacker, M. Sirajul Islam, Mohammad Ali
BACKGROUND: The seasonality of cholera is described in various study areas throughout the world. However, no study examines how temporal cycles of the disease vary around the world or reviews its hypothesized causes. This paper reviews the literature on the seasonality of cholera and describes its t...
Andrew S. Ferguson, Alice C. Layton, Brian J. Mailloux, Patricia J. Culligan et al.
Groundwater is routinely analyzed for fecal indicators but direct comparisons of fecal indicators to the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens are rare. This study was conducted in rural Bangladesh where the human population density is high, sanitation is poor, and groundwater pumped from shallo...
Mohammad Ali, Yukiko Wagatsuma, Michael Emch, Robert F. Breiman
We used conventional and spatial analytical tools to characterize patterns of transmission during a community-wide outbreak of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2000. A comprehensive household-level mosquito vector survey and interview was conducted to obtain data on ...
Mohammad Ali, Michael Emch, J. K. Park, Mohammad Yunus et al.
BACKGROUND: Live oral cholera vaccines may protect against cholera in a manner similar to natural cholera infections. However, information on which to base these vaccines is limited. METHODS: The study was conducted in a cholera-endemic population in Bangladesh. Patients with cholera (index patients...
Mohammad Ali, Michael Emch, Jean-Paul Donnay, Mohammad Yunus et al.
The bacteria that cause cholera are known to be normal inhabitants of surface water, however, the environmental risk factors for different biotypes of cholera are not well understood. This study identifies environmental risk factors for cholera in an endemic area of Bangladesh using a geographic inf...
Robert C. Reiner, Aaron A. King, Michael Emch, Mohammad Yunus et al.
The population dynamics of endemic cholera in urban environments--in particular interannual variation in the size and distribution of seasonal outbreaks--remain poorly understood and highly unpredictable. In part, this situation is due to the considerable demographic, socioeconomic, and environmenta...
Alexander van Geen, Kazi Matin Ahmed, Yasuyuki Tsuboi, Md Jahangir Alam et al.
The health risks of As exposure due to the installation of millions of shallow tubewells in the Bengal Basin are known, but fecal contamination of shallow aquifers has not systematically been examined. This could be a source of concern in densely populated areas with poor sanitation because the hydr...
Anwar Huq, Mohammad Yunus, Syed Salahuddin Sohel, Abbas Bhuiya et al.
ABSTRACT A simple method for filtering water to reduce the incidence of cholera was tested in a field trial in Matlab, Bangladesh, and proved effective. A follow-up study was conducted 5 years later to determine whether the filtration method continued to be employed by villagers and its impact on th...
Michael Emch
The objective of this research project is to assess risk for diarrheal disease in rural Bangladesh by analyzing the complex and dynamic interaction of biological, socioeconomic, cultural/behavioral and environmental factors over time and space. Risk factors of cholera and non-cholera water diarrheal...
Michael Emch, Caryl Feldacker, Mohammad Yunus, Peter Kim Streatfield et al.
Environmental factors have been shown to be related to cholera and thus might prove useful for prediction. In Bangladesh and Vietnam, temporal cholera distributions are related to satellite-derived and in-situ environmental time series data in order to examine the relationships between cholera and t...
Peter S.K. Knappett, Verónica Escamilla, Alice C. Layton, Larry D. McKay et al.
A majority of households in Bangladesh rely on pond water for hygiene. Exposure to pond water fecal contamination could therefore still contribute to diarrheal disease despite the installation of numerous tubewells for drinking. The objectives of this study are to determine the predominant sources (...
Mohammad Ali, Michael Emch, Jean-Paul Donnay, Mohammad Yunus et al.
This paper defines high-risk areas of cholera based on environmental risk factors of the disease in an endemic area of Bangladesh. The risk factors include proximity to surface water, high population density, and low educational status, which were identified in an earlier study by the authors. Chole...
Carolina Perez‐Heydrich, Michael G. Hudgens, M. Elizabeth Halloran, John D. Clemens et al.
Interference occurs when the treatment of one person affects the outcome of another. For example, in infectious diseases, whether one individual is vaccinated may affect whether another individual becomes infected or develops disease. Quantifying such indirect (or spillover) effects of vaccination c...