Animal Feces Contribute to Domestic Fecal Contamination: Evidence from <i>E. coli</i> Measured in Water, Hands, Food, Flies, and Soil in Bangladesh

in food (p < 0.05). E. coli in stored water and food increased with increasing E. coli in soil, ponds, source water and hands. We provide empirical evidence of fecal transmission in the domestic environment despite on-site sanitation. Animal feces contribute to fecal contamination, and fecal indicator bacteria do not strictly indicate human fecal contamination when animals are present.