Karen L. Kotloff, James P. Nataro, William C. Blackwelder, Dilruba Nasrin et al.
Background Diarrhoeal diseases cause illness and death among children younger than 5 years in low-income countries. We designed the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) to identify the aetiology and population-based burden of paediatric diarrhoeal disease in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Met...
Sofie Livio, Nancy Strockbine, Sandra Panchalingam, Sharon M. Tennant et al.
BACKGROUND: Shigella, a major diarrheal disease pathogen worldwide, is the target of vaccine development. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) investigated burden and etiology of moderate-to-severe diarrheal disease in children aged <60 months and matched controls without diarrhea during 3 ye...
Karen L. Kotloff, William C. Blackwelder, Dilruba Nasrin, James P. Nataro et al.
BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is a leading cause of illness and death among children aged <5 years in developing countries. This paper describes the clinical and epidemiological methods used to conduct the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), a 3-year, prospective, age-stratified, case/control study to e...
Samba O. Sow, Khitam Muhsen, Dilruba Nasrin, William C. Blackwelder et al.
BACKGROUND: The importance of Cryptosporidium as a pediatric enteropathogen in developing countries is recognized. METHODS: Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), a 3-year, 7-site, case-control study of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and GEMS-1A (1-year study of MSD and less-sever...
Karen L. Kotloff, Dilruba Nasrin, William C. Blackwelder, Yukun Wu et al.
BACKGROUND: Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of illness and death among children younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) has described the incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of medically attended moderate-to-severe diarrhoe...
Myron M. Levine, Dilruba Nasrin, Sozinho Acácio, Quique Bassat et al.
BACKGROUND: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) was a 3-year case-control study that measured the burden, aetiology, and consequences of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea (MSD) in children aged 0-59 months. GEMS-1A, a 12-month follow-on study, comprised two parallel case-control studies, one asse...
Kelly K. Baker, Ciara E. O’Reilly, Myron M. Levine, Karen L. Kotloff et al.
BACKGROUND: Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of disease in children less than 5 y of age. Poor water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions are the primary routes of exposure and infection. Sanitation and hygiene interventions are estimated to generate a 36% and 48% reduction in diarrheal ...
Dilruba Nasrin, Yukun Wu, William C. Blackwelder, Tamer H. Farag et al.
We performed serial Health Care Utilization and Attitudes Surveys (HUASs) among caretakers of children ages 0-59 months randomly selected from demographically defined populations participating in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), a case-control study of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) i...
Dilruba Nasrin, William C. Blackwelder, Halvor Sommerfelt, Yukun Wu et al.
BACKGROUND: The association between childhood diarrheal disease and linear growth faltering in developing countries is well described. However, the impact attributed to specific pathogens has not been elucidated, nor has the impact of recommended antibiotic treatment. METHODS: The Global Enteric Mul...
Mohammed Rahmatullah, M. N. K. Azam, Mizanur Rahman, Syeda Seraj et al.
Folk medicine is a traditional form of medicinal practice in Bangladesh, which is practiced by practitioners who exist both among the mainstream Bengali-speaking population as well as among the various tribes of Bangladesh. The mainstay of the folk medicinal formulations consist of medicinal plants,...
Roberto Vidal, Khitam Muhsen, Sharon M. Tennant, Ann‐Mari Svennerholm et al.
BACKGROUND: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) encoding heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) alone or with heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) cause moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in developing country children. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) identified ETEC encoding ST among the top four ente...
Mohammed Rahmatullah, Abdul Momen, Mahbubur Rahman, Dilruba Nasrin et al.
W. Abdullah Brooks, Robert F. Breiman, Doli Goswami, Anowar Hossain et al.
We undertook active population-based surveillance in 5,000 urban households among children < 5 years old to determine invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence, serotype distribution, clinical presentation, and antimicrobial resistance, which have not been previously described in population-base...
Tamer H. Farag, Abu S. G. Faruque, Yukun Wu, Sumon Kumar Das et al.
BACKGROUND: Shigella infections are a public health problem in developing and transitional countries because of high transmissibility, severity of clinical disease, widespread antibiotic resistance and lack of a licensed vaccine. Whereas Shigellae are known to be transmitted primarily by direct feca...
Alaullah Sheikh, Sohel Shamsuzzaman, Shaikh Meshbahuddin Ahmad, Dilruba Nasrin et al.
Information is limited on the effect of zinc on immune responses in children with diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), the most common bacterial pathogen in children. We studied the immunological effect of zinc treatment (20 mg/d) and supplementation (10 mg/d) in children with di...