Novel insights on the role of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1: Potential biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases

Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) including the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) are from the immunoglobulin family which regulates leukocyte adherence to endothelial muscles in acute or chronic inflammatory states [1]. TNF-α, a proinflammatory cytokine, triggers cell adhesion molecules, inflammatory molecules, and other cytokines [2]. The appearance level of these CAMs on the membrane of endothelial cells is a key factor in determining the comparable impact of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on the attraction of leukocytes in a particular disease state [1,2]. Leukocytes and endothelial cells are two cell types that express ICAM-1 an Ig-like cell adhesion molecule. Transcriptional regulation is primarily responsible for regulating ICAM-1 expression. The ICAM-1 is critically important in inflammation and…